Journals

Racism has become a pandemic which causes unrest among people of the World most especially in the West. The unwarranted discrimination, oppression and aggressive acts against the blacks as a race and the Muslims as a religion (Islam) adherents is now obvious and common in western countries especially the United States of America. As a result of racism, many Blacks in general and Muslims in particular are being denied equal rights as enjoyed by the White and other religious bodies respectively. The Muslims are tagged Terrorists and the blacks as inferior. This paper therefore investigates the implication of racism on the lives of the Muslims and the black people in developed nations with particular attention to the United States of America with a view to suggest ways by which racism could be reduced against the Muslims in particular and the black in general. The study adopted historical method by tracing the history of racism from 1676 to 2020. Recent incidents against the Muslims and the Blacks in general were also discussed. Findings of this study revealed that racism had a great negative impact on the Muslims and the blacks in United States of America. Majority of them were facing one form of discrimination or the other. Many were denied justice while many were molested. The paper concluded that there must be a check to the act of racism to achieve world peace and that coming from other colour other than white does not make one inferior. The study recommended among others that there must be a platform where Heads of Government in every Country around the world should organise constant seminars on how to reduce racism and that people from any part of the world irrespective of race, tribes and religious affiliations should be accommodated anywhere without being discriminated against.

This study examined the influence of oil price and exchange rate volatility on Economic Growth in Nigeria from 1980 to 2018. Time series data from secondary source ranging from 1980-2018 were employed were employed. The model formulated depicts Real GDP as the dependent variable while Exchange Rate (EXR), Oil Price (POIL), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and inflation (INFL) are independent variables. The study employed Johansen Cointegration estimation techniques and VECM to test for the short and long runs effect of the variables used. The ADF test reveals that all the variables are stationary. The results show that POIL and EXR are positively related to GDP. Further findings reveal that there exist two equations at 5% level in both trace and Max – Eigen statistic. This implies that exchange rate volatility and oil revenue contribute positively to GDP in the long run as well. It is therefore recommended that government should adopt certain policy which will help to control the fluctuation and periodic change in oil price. Furthermore, Nigerian government should take serious steps to improve market efficiency and make sure that any variability in oil prices is essential and not negligible.

Writing instruction, otherwise known as the teaching of writing, among learners of various age brackets is a phenomenon that has been in the spotlight considerably. Kelmon (2020), (2013) present the entire trend as a process.Bulut (2017) examined the attitude of students towards writing instruction. Thisdescriptive study conducted a survey of the operation and practices engaged in during writing instruction among young learners. The dependent variablesof the learners' disposition to writing instruction, the place of thereward system in writing instruction, the inclusion of models during writing instruction and the evaluation of the logical scheduling of the writing instruction were used. With a questionnaire (Young Learners' Writing Survey), the study elicited data from the focus groups of 60 First to Fifth(1st – 5th)Grade students and 12 selected English Language teachers of young learners of Gwinnett County Public Schools. Data obtained was analyzed using the simple percentage to determine the proportions of the available data.Both the qualitative and quantitative dimensions were utilized in this work. Findings indicated that the attitude observed among students of writing is class-dependent, the reward system is used but not duly recognized in line with the writing instruction, the use of models of instruction reflects more significance at the upper elementary leveland that there is evidence of logical rather than arbitrary schedules for the writing instruction in the schools. Recommendations were proffered as effective strategies in perspectives that will enhance the pedagogy of writing instruction and improve the writing skills of young learners.

The overall goal of education is to prepare an individual to be useful to self, the community and the entire world. The National Policy on Education (FRN, 2004) revised in (2013) states that education shall continue to be highly rated in the national development plans because education is the most important instrument of change. The school system has a great role to play in achieving the goal. Evaluation in education is very essential for it judges quality and being the basis for all educational activities. Learning takes place in educational institution and other institutions of learning and instructions in the three domains of learning – cognitive, affective and psychomotor. To see whether individual learner, teacher and the institution are measuring up to the goal or objectives of setting up educational institutions, there is then a need for evaluation since learners' outcome in courses offering in educational institutions will determine the quantity and quality of future manpower of any nation. This paper therefore attempts to look at evaluation of learning outcomes through examination moderation, monitoring and coordination. The methodology of the paper is descriptive approach. After some discussions, the paper offers some useful recommendations which can assist certificate granting institutions and examination bodies among others.

The study evaluating the essence of co-curricular activities in English language on the academic performance of senior secondary school students in Ogun State. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. Population comprises of all student of senior secondary school students in Ogun State. Simple random sampling technique was used to select one hundred (100) respondents are student in five selected senior secondary schools in Ogun State as sample for study. Instrument for data collection was an 6 item questionnaire on four point scale. Data analysis was done using simple percentage. The study revealed that students who are engaged in cocurricular activities achieve a better understanding of acquired knowledge and gain preferable communication skills, than the students who were not involved in any co-curricular activities. Students who actively engaged in cocurricular activities have greater levels of academic achievement, character development by inculcating in them skills required for personal success, such as leadership skills, time-management skills, and the ability to accept constructive criticism. It is therefore recommended that rewarding cocurricular activities that will enhance students' academic performance should be incorporated into school programmes by the school authority. This can be done by incorporating such activities into the school time table by the senior high school authorities.

This study evaluates education expenditure and human capital development in Nigeria using time series data obtained from World and CBN Statistical Bulletin covering a period of 38 years from 1981-2018. The data collected were analyzed using the Vector error correction model (VECM). Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root and ARDL Bound tests were all performed. Findings revealed that a proportionate change in government education expenditure and human capital development lead to a more than proportionate change in economic growth of Nigeria. The study recommended that the National Assembly members should review the budget estimate and offer adequate finance the educational sector. Public officers should also consider significant areas of needs encompassed in the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal, UNSDG, where education is one of the most important priorities and focus areas.

Cultural practices are a major part of the community plan put in place by the community leadership for proper governance. Due to human nature and its quest for development, these practices change overtime; while some remain as beneficial as ever, some are tagged as being harmful since their demerits are adjudged to have devastating effects on people (victims); hence the call for discarding such harmful cultural practices is inevitable. To this end, the paper examined community education as a vital tool for combating harmful cultural practices in Nigeria. To achieve this, the paper discussed the concepts of harmful cultural practices and that of community education. The paper goes further to discuss some harmful cultural practices and their health implication to people and to the entire community. Finally, and most importantly, the paper discussed various strategies employed by community education in combating harmful cultural practices in our community. It was recommended that curriculum for primary and post primary schools be reformed in such a way that it accommodates community education and all important contents to advance frontier of knowledge.

This paper looked into the contents of four English textbooks written in line with the National English Studies Curriculum contained in the 9-year Basic Education Curriculum that are used for teaching the English Language and Literature in English at the Junior Secondary School level in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. The textbooks were purposively selected and analysed to ascertain their suitability for effective teaching of the English language as well as the literature in English aspect. In addition, some Junior Secondary School English teachers were interviewed to find out the level of coverage of the contents of Literature in English in the textbooks and the effectiveness on students' performance. The findings showed that the language concepts are adequately captured with focused details while the literature aspect, through which the four language skills (Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing) are harnessed, is given peripheral focus. Moreover, the teachers interviewed revealed that many of the public school students do not buy the textbooks coupled with over-populated classrooms thus constituting a hindrance to effective teaching and learning of English. This paper recommends that Literature in English, which educates the whole person, should be taught as a separate subject at the Junior Secondary School level for proficiency, parents should be encouraged to provide essential textbooks for their children and more teachers should be employed to cope with over-population in schools.

Gender inequality is a major twenty-first century concern. It ensures that this is eradicated it is core to review the portrayal of females in a text particularly on written by a female writer in the twentieth century. The percentage of women who experienced single motherhood by any pathway in Nigeria (2008) were 34%. This paper seeks to delve into how the female characters in the text are portrayed as 'the man of the house' thereby being victim of female oppression and exploitation. The fact that she is subjected to a more devastating form of exploitation on the ground that she is female gives insight to the social realities of day to day happenings. It would explore how female characters in the text are exploited, that is, unpaid or underpaid for the services they render because they are females. This would add to the bodies of literature to correct the ills in gender disparity in pay structure to ensure that females are paid as their male counterpart. It is advised that furthers research in the causes of single motherhood as portrayed in African fiction is carried out in order to flatten the curve.

The study focused on green economy as an antidote to global warming in Nigeria. All facts and materials were taken from secondary sources mainly literature review.Various measures of green economy in combating global warming were explored. It was discovered that for Nigeria to experience meaningful sustainable development, green economy must be adopted in all facets of the economy be it industrial, manufacturing, agricultural, transportation, mining and other sectors of the economy, all the materials used in this study point towards the human induced global warming, infact, globally man has been seen as a principal actor in the issue of global warming and various literatures have testified to this. Based on this, recommendations were proffered that government should sensitize its populace on the benefits of greenish economy. There should be awareness and readiness to start the green initiative and private sectors need to join hands with government to sustain greenish economy.